Propaganda

Propaganda: It's here to stay When the word ‘propaganda’ is used, negative connotations are generally brought to mind. People think of politicians using propaganda to force their agenda on others or to slander their opponent’s name as in the new election coming up between Obama and Romney. Yet is this all propaganda really is? Or is there something more that is never discussed about propaganda? This essay will be summarizing and discussing three from Orwell, Lutz , and Woolfolk about propaganda and the English language.The reader will gain a better understanding about what propaganda really is and how it is used and how to avoid getting tricked by it. The first article by George Orwell is out of his book of 50 essays entitled â€Å" Politics and the English Language. † George Orwell is an English journalist and novelist, who wrote such famous books as 1984 and Animal Farm. His article begins by talking about four parts of writing that are misused in the Eng lish language. The first topic discussed is dying metaphors.Orwell says, â€Å"A newly-invented metaphor assists thought by evoking a visual image, while on the other hand a metaphor which is technically â€Å"dead† has in effect reverted to being an ordinary word and can generally be used without loss of vividness. † If someone does not understand a metaphor because it is one that is not used anymore, it loses its effect and should not be used in writing or in propaganda (Orwell). A perfect example is the metaphor of the Hammer and the Anvil. When this metaphor is used most people think it means that the anvil gets the worst of it, when really it is the hammer that always breaks on the anvil.It is a metaphor that has lost meaning because hardly anyone uses an anvil anymore, causing this metaphor to be technically â€Å"dead†. The next subject discussed is verbal false limbs. Orwell says verbal false limbs â€Å"save the trouble of picking out appropriate verbs and nouns, and at the same time pad each sentence with extra syllables which give it an appearance of symmetry. † A few examples Orwell gives include our phrases ‘such as’,’to make contact with’, ‘play a leading part in’, and ‘be subjected to’.The problem is using these phrases takes out simple verbs that give meaning to a sentence and add extra fluff to them in order to sound â€Å"better† (Orwell). When writing it is important to avoid these verbal false limbs so the reader can truly understand what you are trying to say. The third item discussed is pretentious diction. Words such as ‘promote’, ‘constitute’, ‘exploit’, ‘utilize’are used to dress up simple statements and make the person saying them sound dignified. It also is used to add scientific terms to a biased judgment. It is a common trick we see in propaganda all the time.You will see such things as â€Å" It is inevitable if you elect Obama, our country will fail. † The word’ inevitable’ is an example of pretentious diction (Orwell). It is taking a scientific term and adding it to a biased opinion in order to convince the voter that voting for Obama is bad. The fourth item discussed is meaningless words. These are words that are used in which the definition of is unclear. You see this in political ads words such as fascism or socialist. These words are used, but do the readers really know what the author is trying to say by using them. Another one common in political ads is the word ‘patriotic’.Do we have a real definition of what it means to be patriotic or is that a word that is just thrown around. Orwell says that words such as these need to be used carefully and taken out of writing if unneeded. As Orwell ends this article he gives six rules of writing to avoid these crucial mistakes seen in the English language today. The rules are as follows â⠂¬Å"(1) Never use a metaphor, simile or other figure of speech which you are used to seeing in print. (2) Never use a long word where a short one will do. (3) If it is possible to cut a word out, always cut it out. (4) Never use the passive where you can use the active. 5) Never use a foreign phrase, a scientific word or a jargon word if you can think of an everyday English equivalent. (6) Break any of these rules sooner than say anything barbarous. † These rules may seem easy enough but if you grew up writing today it will be harder than you think to change habits and stick to these rules. If you can stick to these rules you will become a better overall writer (Orwell). The second article we will discuss is Doublespeak by William Lutz. William Lutz is an American linguist who specializes in the use of plain words and avoiding doublespeak or deceptive language.Lutz begins talking about how language is a human tool and may be the most important of all the human tools. Yet like any tool, it can be used to build society but can also be used to destroy it (Lutz 25). One quote that Lutz says describes this perfectly, â€Å" Language can easily distort perception and influence behavior and thus be a tool, or weapon, for achieving the greatest good or the greatest evil. † Lutz goes on to talk about how language is power and whoever controls language controls society (Lutz 26). There are four kinds of doublespeak that Lutz talks about the first being euphemism, which is designed to avoid reality.When different words are used to make a situation sound better, this is euphemism. Lutz brings up the subject in 1984 where reports on human rights would remove the word ‘killing’ and replace it with ‘deprivation of life’. This helped the government avoid the subject of government sanctioned killings that happened in other countries that the United States had supported. This is a prime example of doublespeak, using different words to misl ead the reader as to what has really happened. The second type of doublespeak discussed is jargon.Jargon is used all the time by doctors and lawyers; it is speech used that only those in a specialized group can understand. When used in these groups it is not considered jargon because all members understand what is being said. Yet when jargon is used with members outside the group it is then considered doublespeak as all members do not fully understand what is being said (Lutz 27). When companies use lawyer terms to describe something that has happened in their company to the public it is considered doublespeak; they know most people do not understand what they are saying and could use it to cover up what is really happening.The third type of doublespeak that is mentioned is gobbledygook. This is the practice of piling on words, the bigger the better to purposely overwhelm the audience as to what is actually being said. This is common when something bad happens in our economy. Politi cians use big words in long complicated sentences so that their readers do not really know what is going on. The fourth type of doublespeak discussed is inflated language. This is the process of making ordinary words seem fancy and better than what they are.This is often used in advertising to make a product sound better than it is in order to make the audience want to buy it. For example, a used car may be described as experienced (Lutz 27). This is one of the most common ways you see Doublespeak in America today, whether it be in advertising for a product or for a politician. Lutz then discusses how doublespeak is used in politics. â€Å"Political language is the language of public policy and power. Our direction as a nation is defined for us by our elected leaders through language,† says Lutz. Therefore if our leaders are not always honest and pright, we the people do not have the proper knowledge and understanding to make the decisions we need to make. This language has b een distorted in the past such as in Vietnam instead of calling them bombings they called them â€Å"protective reaction strikes. † Orwell said, â€Å"This language is designed to make lies sound truthful and murder respectable, and to give an appearance of solidity to pure wind. † This is why you have a negative reaction when you hear the word propaganda. It's always easier to remember the bad things that have happened and forget the good things (Lutz 29).Not all propaganda is used to mislead or hurt people. It can be used to get people to vote for something that is good and truthful or convince people to recycle. Yet the things that have happened in the past will always give propaganda a bad reputation. The third article is â€Å"Propaganda: How not to be bamboozled† by Donna Woolfork Cross. Donna is an American writer known for such novels as Pope Joan. Woolfork says that propaganda gets a bad reputation because people simply don't understand what it really i s. It is a means of persuasion that can be used for good or evil.Propaganda is used to tell people what toothpaste to buy, the type of movies to see, and the one most people think of, and who you should vote for in an election (Woolfolk Cross 1). Cross says, â€Å"People are bamboozled mainly because they don't recognize propaganda when they see it. † Cross gives thirteen different ways to recognize propaganda. The first is name calling; this is a simple one to understand. It is when someone or group says something bad about another person or group. You see this in political ads all the time or you might hear a politician referred to as â€Å"foolish† or â€Å"fascist†.This is used to make the reader not think but just believe what is being said. Cross then talks about glittering generalities, this is simply the opposite of name calling, it is using terms to make someone look good, it is used to make you want to vote for someone in an election. A political ad ma y say â€Å"Vote for Romney; It's the American way. † This sounds good but when actually examining what they are saying what does it really mean (Woolfolk Cross 2)? The next issue Cross discusses is the plain folks appeal. This is where a politician wants the viewer to think he is a person just like them.A good example is when you see presidents going around to blue collar workers and shaking hands and working with them and kissing babies (Woolfolk Cross 2). They want you to believe that they are the same as you so you will vote for them. Cross also talks about the Argumentum Ad Populum; this is simply telling the people what they want to hear. This can happen in elections as well; you will hear politicians say you all are â€Å"good tax-paying Americans† or â€Å"the backbone of America. † These phrases are things that all people want to hear and our used to distract the voter from what is really being said (Woolfolk Cross 3).The next use of propaganda is the A rgumentum Ad Hominem. Cross says, â€Å"Argumentum ad hominem means â€Å"argument to man† and that's exactly what it is. When a propagandist uses argumentum ad hominem he wants to distract our attention from the issue under consideration with personal attacks on the people being involved. This happens often; if the issue being discussed by a politician is health care reform, then another politician may make an attack about that politician’s bad family life. His bad family life has nothing to do with health care reform, yet things like this will distract potential voters from what is actually being said.The next item discussed is Transfer; (Glory or Guilt By Association) this is simply associating something that is good with the issue at hand even if it has no relevance to that situation. The next propaganda technique is bandwagon. We have all heard the term bandwagon fan to describe someone who likes a certain sports team only because they are doing well. The same ap plies in propaganda; it is used to convince people to like something because it is the popular thing to do (Woolfolk Cross 4). This happens with fashions and is used by getting celebrities to endorse a product.Cross then talks about faulty cause and effect relationship. This is where propaganda says one thing causes another thing to happen even if it really did not. You see this in politics all the time, sense Obama has been in office our unemployment rate has gone down. Now this may be true, but was it caused by Obama or were there other factors in place? It is used to convince people to believe something without actually checking the facts. The next propaganda item discussed is false analogy. An analogy is a comparison between two ideas, events or things (Woolfolk Cross 6).A false analogy is simply comparing two things that really have nothing to do with each other. It is often used in politics to link one thing with another that really has no reason to be associated with the othe r thing. The next propaganda technique, begging the question, this is a common technique used in politics. You may see a political ad that says, â€Å"No true American could turn down proposal 4. † This is forcing the viewer to say do I not want to be a true American (Woolfolk Cross 6). It's basically answering the question for a person instead of letting them answer it for themselves. The 11th item discussed is the two extremes fallacy.This is where you make a situation seem like there are only two options to choose from, either black or white. This forces the viewer to choose one side when really there might be a multitude of options to choose from. The next propaganda technique is card stacking. It's a easy technique of showing only what you want people to see. It's used where politicians only want you to see the good parts of their plans and not the negatives such as raising taxes, they will show you all this great things that will happen but not where the money is coming from (Woolfolk Cross 7). The last propaganda technique is called the testimonial.This is where you get someone who is famous or loved to endorse a certain product or person, even if they are not an expert in the field. You see professional athletes endorsing medical products, even though they are not a medical expert. Woolfolk lays out all thirteen examples of propaganda to show people what to look out for. In conclusion, propaganda is misunderstood. Propaganda itself is not a a negative thing, it is just a means of persuading someone that can be used either for a positive effect or a negative one. Yet in today's society propaganda is used for many different reasons.This is why it is important to understand what propaganda really is. Orwell, Lutz, and Woolfolk give good insight into how propaganda is used and how to avoid being confused by it. After reading this you will have a better understanding of propaganda and how to identify it, and how to understand what the author is reall y trying to say. It will make you a better thinker, and help with important decisions that you have to make. Sources: 1. Lutz, William . â€Å"Doublespeak. †Ã‚  Public Relations Quarterly  . 33. 4 n. page. Web. 2. Orwell, George. â€Å"Fifty Orwell Essays . †Ã‚  Gutenburg. n. page. Web. 13 Sep. 2012.

A Picture Is Worth a Thousand Words Essay

â€Å"A picture is worth a thousand words†, is a common saying that rings true. Which is why many newspapers decide to compliment their articles with visual elements such as photographs, drawings, or political cartoons. However, many people feel that some of the images newspapers decide to print are in bad taste. Huge Hewitt, an Evangelical Christian, compared a political cartoon of Muhammad with a bomb for a turban, to a drawing of Jesus with a crown of TNT atop his head at an abortion clinic. Because both cartoons are equally distressing and offensive, wether you are Muslim or Christian, I doubt that a newspaper in the United States would print either image. On the other hand, if I was the editor of a newspaper I would print both pictures. After the terrorist attacks of September 11th there was a huge backlash on the Muslim culture and its people in this country. The cartoon of Muhammad with a bomb as a turban illustrates, literately, how ignorant and insensitive we are to Muslim beliefs. As editor, I would add an article to the cartoon explaining how it is not created out of malice or hatred, but it is a form of satire. It was drawn to grab your attention and inspire you to ask questions about the Muslim world, what is currently happening there, and how are we, as a country, involved. As editor, I would treat the cartoon of Jesus with a crown of TNT the same way. The accompanying article would clearly state that the image in no way mocks the Christian belief system. The picture does, however, raise questions about how God, or Jesus, would view the bombing of an abortion clinic, wether the life of a fetus is more important than that of its mother, and so forth. As I have stated previously, the cartoons are satire, not actual opinions or suggestions. The drawings are to be viewed as debate starters or to help you to create your own opinions about what is being portrayed. Furthermore, under the First Amendment of the Constitution of the United States, freedom of the press is clearly stated. These pictures, however disagreeable they maybe to some, the newspaper has its right to print them and the readers have the right to view them. In conclusion, I do not feel that any form of imagery is too bold to be printed in a newspaper, least of all a political cartoon of Jesus with TNT as a crown. As long as the readers do not take the picture for face value and can read deeper into the topic being presented, then there is no problem. As for offending people, they can just buy another newspaper if they don’t like the pictures in mine.

To study the morphology and behavior of primates in a zoo setting Essay

To study the morphology and behavior of primates in a zoo setting - Essay Example In this zoo, there are thousands of primates, which makes the place one of its kind, and a lowland gorilla is one of the primates hosted here. On arrival at the zoo, the first sight was this animal in its quadrupedalism posture. This animal is mostly found in Africa in the countries of Gabon, Angola, Cameroon and Congo. The male Lowland gorilla is normally quite vulnerable to a heart disease known as cardiomyopathy ("Bronx Zoo† p.5). However, one does not have to travel all the way to Africa to view this animal thanks to the brilliant innovation at Bronx zoo. The mandrill is another primate that was seen and one that made the one to remember for many days to come. Firstly, this animal demonstrated its competence in using its prehensile tail to grasp the tree branches. Upon further research, this animal also known as Madrillus sphinx was established to have originated from Equatorial Guinea. However, it is found in other African countries like Gabon and Congo. Horde is a name used to describe these animals when moving together as a group ("Bronx Zoo† p.6). Normally, these animals copulate in the months of June through to October; they have also been found to be the largest monkeys in the world. At times, these animals have also been viewed in arboreal locomotion in the Zoo while others do brachiation In addition to viewing the aforementioned primates, Colobi were also present in Bronx zoo. This genus can be traced to Africa and countries like Kenya and Congo have these primates. The term colobi is used to refer to the colobus group of monkeys which include the white and black monkeys. This genus moves in a group of around nine animals, which participate in all mothering. When born, young colobuses are normally white but the color may change as they grow up. Sadly, this group of primates- just like every other animal- is prone to prey by many other predators ("Bronx Zoo† p.7). Poachers too pose a threat to these animals since its meat is widely thought

Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Law - Essay Example Throughout, the law treated the threat of physical injury as assault while battery was considered the complete contact to cause harm. This version of the distinction is no longer valid as compared to the physical contact hence null and void. For Hilder to be taken to the hospital after being hit by the husband with a chair leg by the husband Billy is a clear example of Assault or battery to mention. The act is worsened when Billy further exposes their violent acts to the public through putting a slap on the face of the nurse, which prompts the calling of the police to arrest Hilder’s husband. The arrest of Billy for assault is much in pace and if prosecuted would be liable because there is the medical evidence of physical injury and as well the two children aged five and eight also could act as witnesses to the aggravated violence case. This is because assault or battery are an example of the widely known criminal offenses given that their occurrence vividly brings to the mind s of the victims scenes of fight or violence in line of the aggravated acts (Brannigan 2012). Legally the two terms or concepts are quite distinct and hence their punishments are quite different with the determination of battery attracting vast penalty as compared to whether it is simply an assault. In their determination and proof against or for the parties concerned in the argument, have to clearly breakdown the concepts into their respective elements. In handling of this case we will look at the case clearly while even defining all the defenses available for the accuse persons and the look at the penalties to be faced in the cases of the sentences by the respective offenders (Gore 2007). The act by Billy on the wife Hilder will amount to assault due to the mere fact that the definition of assault and battery is nowadays not factually differentiated. Otherwise, the factual definition of assault as it remains in the other states is that the conviction for assault will still need th e existence of the criminal act since an assault will require a direct act to put another individual to a reasonable fear. This therefore dispels the notion of spoken words alone being considered assault not until the offender backs them up with relevant actions that make the recipient in a position of foreseeing imminent danger (Reddington & Kreisel 2005). For a person to be considered to have committed an assault the individual only needs to have shown the general intents, Billy though has gone further to hit both his wife and the nurse intensely injuring the wife after he pretends to be going to see the wife in the hospital which is the most unlikely case they would witness. It means that someone can hardly assault another person accidentally but they have to act in a manner likely to amount to a cause of terror to the offenders. Therefore, if an individual acts in a way that's considered dangerous to other people that can be enough to support assault charges, even if they didn't intend a particular harm to a particular individual which will be in the intention to scare or frighten the

Death Penalty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Death Penalty - Essay Example The theorization of capital punishment has shown a great favor to its status as a deterrent to crime. Scholars like Emile Durkheim and Foucault have put emphasis on punishment as well as capital punishment as deterrent to crime. Some recent empirical studies also show evidences of the deterrent effects of the capital punishment on the crime rate in a country. But opponents of capital punishment argue that though death-penalty has deterrent effects they are negligible, as it is claimed in a report, â€Å"The death penalty in the U.S. is an enormously expensive and wasteful program with no clear benefits† (Death Penalty Information Center). Meanwhile, opponents of the capital punishment often refer to the high crime rate in the United State as evidences of ineffectiveness of this death-penalty as a deterrent. Indeed this high rate of capital-punishment deserving crimes does not necessarily require that it should be abolished. If it is supposed that it should be abolished because of the high rate, other forms of punishments also should be abolished. Indeed such arguments are some sorts of blubbery. ... Taking an ethical decision becomes more difficult when it is revealed that a number of the death deserving crimes are committed driven by anger, or by other emotional convulsions. The opponents often claim that death penalty is not the least effective, since most of the murderers think that they will be able evade this punishment, as the Police Chief of Los Angels, Willie L. Williams says, â€Å"I am not convinced that capital punishment, in and of itself, is a deterrent to crime because most people do not think about the death penalty before they commit a violent or capital crime† (â€Å"Fact Sheet†). Indeed such claim does not necessarily prove that death penalty is not a deterrent, rather it indicates to the glaring faults of law enforcing agencies that convince a would-be murderer to belief that they are evadable. Indeed the high rate of crimes and murders in the United States has its root not in the ineffectiveness of the capital punishment, rather in its faults of enforcement. A comparative statistics on the executions and the incidences of murders shows that â€Å"only about 110 death-sentences are handed out for the more than 17000 reported murders that occur every year† (Class Text). In fact, such statistic shows that the vast majority of the unpunished murderers will be examples for those who want to commit murder. Even though death penalty has a deterrent effect on the majority of the common people, it is only the face-value of the scheme and policy of keeping people away from committing murder. While materializing death-penalty effectively, any policy against crimes like homicides and murders should include other socio-cultural, religious and even economic deterrents. According to Foucault, social disciplinary institutions can play a significant role lessening

Types of TeamsTheory Application Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Types of TeamsTheory Application - Essay Example Rigid procedures may not work well with all clients and hence the need for self-managing teams in the restaurant. On the other hand, such teams improve efficiency, value, savings and employee satisfaction as well as minimal absence and worker turnover (Tjosvold & Smith, 2003). A grocery store requires a manager-led team whereby the owner of the store acts as the leader of the team and assumes responsibility for identifying the goals, activities as well as operation of the team. The leader needs to assign tasks to the team, for example depending on the number of products being dealt with. They should report to the leader matters concerning shortage of supply, customer preferences, and the movement of products to help the manager to make decisions regarding the next course of action, which may include additional stock or changing the product to suit the consumers. This kind of team provides substantial control of the leader over the team members as well as their activities. He/she controls the guiding principles as well as the outcome of the team’s tasks. This is important in a grocery store because any mistake translates in to losses for the business and the owner can not allow the recurrence of one mistake time and again, especially due to the fact that a grocery business may not have significant start-up capital (Baumeister & Vohs, 2004). A school may accomplish its organizational goals through establishing self-directing or self-governing teams. Teams are allowed to establish their own objectives as well as the strategies for accomplishing these objectives. The school’s management is left with the responsibility of enhancing the organizational environment of the team. Education requires creativity and commitment, which are accomplished through self-directing teams. Such teams also enhance motivation and offer openings for organizational learning and change especially when dealing with

A close reading of Life is a dream by Pedro Calderon De La Barca Essay

A close reading of Life is a dream by Pedro Calderon De La Barca - Essay Example II. Spanish Society Spanish society, in the Golden Age, was concerned about what was real and what was false. At a time when politics were unstable in Spain, De La Barca sought to capitalize on this national anomaly of sorts. As Clotaldo, the jailer of Segismund said in the play, â€Å"Dreams are rough copies of the waking soul.†1 Therefore, what people dreamed about was not necessarily in vain. They were having dreams for a reason. With the idea that life was a dream, De La Barca was playing with notions of whether the consciousness present in life actually existed in Golden Age Spain. De La Barca, in his play, predicted that Segismund would one day grow up to revolt against his father the King. In chaining Segismund to the floor in a prison, he thought that he could keep his son sequestered, far enough away so that he could not hurt the King. However, this sense of fatalism that the King had felt in terms of his son growing up in the future to one day kill him, scared the Ki ng so much that he decided to do something about it (by chaining up his son). However, as one shall see, the idea of fatalism is a key Spanish value that we shall examine in the next portion which we will be reading. III. Spanish Values Spanish values included an unshakeable sense of fatalism, as Segismund speaks about the illusion and reality present in life—a dualism, if one will. He also speaks of the inevitable end of the world with precocious wit, intimating with a fatalistic sense that his suffering is only temporary. â€Å"Whether wake or dreaming, this I know, How dream-wise human glories come and go; Whose momentary tenure not to break, Walking as one who knows he soon may wake, fairly carry the full cup, so well Disorder'd insolence and passion quell, That there be nothing after to upbraid Dreamer or doer in the part he play'd, Whether To-morrow's dawn shall break the spell, Or the Last Trumpet of the eternal Day, When Dreaming with the Night shall pass away.†2 The Spanish people also believed very much in destiny (â€Å"el destino†) and how it related to their outlooks on life. Believing in destiny, many people in Spanish culture had the specific idea that one was supposed to be somewhere at a specific time in order to fulfill their destinies. As Segismund describes in this soliloquy, â€Å"Once more, you savage heavens, I ask of you— I, looking up to those relentless eyes That, now the greater lamp is gone below, Begin to muster in the listening skies; In all the shining circuits you have gone About this theatre of human woe, What greater sorrow have you gazed upon Than down this narrow chink you witness still; And which, did you yourselves not fore-devise, You registered for others to fulfil!†3 With the idea that values were important in Golden Age Spain—as well can one imagine—also important was the idea of having social mores. These were prescriptive ideals which were vanguards of the values of th e people, which will now be discussed at length. IV. Spanish Social Mores Spanish social mores in the Golden Age were very strict. That is why the King warned Segismund once he approached the kingdom with rage and anger after having been chained up for so many years: â€Å"Beware! Beware! Subdue the kindled Tiger in your eye!†4 The Golden Age was an era of restriction and prudence. If ladies wanted to visit with their beaus, they had to be accompanied by chaperones—

Assignment2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 3

Assignment2 - Essay Example IBM New York continued with its drastic expansion into Germany with the aim of developing machines a few weeks after Adolf Hitler ascended to power. In 1933, Hitler used statisticians as his intellectual soldiers. Census departments and statistical offices were among the clients of IBM. Nazi statistical professionals laid claim to what they presumed their developing technology was going to achieve. Their entire anticipation was based on the growing creativity of IBM tabulator technology and punch cards. Only IBM could create and implement systems to quantify, sort, and identify the German people from the other populations. The 1933 census, with tabulation services and design assistance given by IBM helped the Nazi achieve their purpose. In 1935, census data that was machine-tabulated significantly increased the approximated number of Jews through the identification of people with a few or a single Jewish ancestor. Over 2000 multi-machine sets were distributed all over Germany. Moreov er, card sorting systems were developed in all camps (Black, 2001). In 1939, another census was conducted to find out the complete number of the Jewish population. The census activities were closely linked with cards and technology supplied by IBM. In addition, Nazi concentration camps had a department which kept records of inmates by the use of the punch card technology. Every concentration camp contained a code number for the purpose of keeping records. In 1943, when prisoners arrived at the concentration camps, they would be assessed physically and for political activities and their information recorded on the punch cards (Black, 2001). Richard Wiggins came up with the idea of the Speak and Spell in 1976. This idea set the landmark for digital processors, being the first one to utilize linear predictive coding to carry out speech synthesis. In 1980, the initial stand-alone, comprehensive digital processors were developed. In 1983, digital processors continued to be more successfu l. These digital processors were developed on the basis of the Harvard architecture. They contained distinct data and instruction memory. These data processors contained a unique instruction set, with commands, for example, multiply and accumulate, and load and accumulate. Almost more than five years after this invention, a more advanced set of digital processors started to spread. This processor contained three memories for recording multiple operands at the same time and contained hardware to quicken tight loops. In addition, this processor also contained an addressing component with a capacity of loop-addressing. Finally, contemporary digital processors have a tremendous performance. This can be attributed to both architectural and technological developments, for example, a wider bus system, fast-access two-level cache, and lower design rules. In my view, these items are significant because they highlight significant events that highlight changes that have led to the development of digital processors. For instance, the Nazi used the punch card technology to record information during the census and in Nazi concentration camps, and the current processors contain tremendous qualities, for example, fast-access two-level cache. Question 2 Henry Edward Roberts was an American entrepreneur, engineer, and medical doctor. In 1975, he created the initial commercially profitable personal

Retail Failure of Tesco Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Retail Failure of Tesco - Essay Example The present research has identified that the Tesco management employs the marketing concepts. Pricing is one marketing concept. Promotion is another viable concept. Product quality is a necessary product concept. The place is an important marketing concept. Further, Tesco management institutes the complicated management functions. Controlling is one of the functions. Organizing is another management function. Staffing is a third management function. Planning is the fourth management function. Directing is the last management function. Furthermore, the first United States branch was set up during 2007. The branches are strategically located in California. With the huge population in California, The United States Tesco branch investment was estimated at around  £250 million during the 2007 groundbreaking operations. The company is expected to fund additional  £250 million during the 2008 and future years. Additionally, the additional yearly investments are pegged to set up branches in other major cities in the United States. Tesco’ Chief Operating Officer Terry Leahy mentioned that â€Å"the investment in the Tesco United States is another leg in the Tesco United Kingdom’s expansion into internationally lucrative nations.† The Chief Operating Officer enthusiastically claims that the United States expansion is very bold and profitable venture. The officer is correct for the United States is one of the biggest economies in the world. With a nation of the huge number of prospective customers, the Tesco United States branch is expected to play a significant role in augmenting the revenues generated by the Tesco home office branches located in the United Kingdom. Additionally, the company planned to set up an estimated 1,000 Tesco United States branches starting in 2007, where the initial branch was established in California. During 2008, the company targeted the setting of an additional 200 Tesco United States branches during 2008 alone.

Integrity and Values Essay Example for Free

Integrity and Values Essay Integrity is a concept of consistency of actions, values, methods, measures, principles, expectations, and outcomes. Barbara Killinger offers a traditional definition: Integrity is a personal choice, an uncompromising and predictably consistent commitment to honour moral, ethical, spiritual and artistic values and principles. [1] In ethics, integrity is regarded[by whom? ] as the honesty and truthfulness or accuracy For other uses, see Integrity (disambiguation) Integrity is a concept of consistency of actions, values, methods, measures, principles, expectations, and outcomes. Barbara Killinger offers a traditional definition: Integrity is a personal choice, an uncompromising and predictably consistent commitment to honour moral, ethical, spiritual and artistic values and principles. [1] In ethics, integrity is regarded[by whom? ] as the honesty and truthfulness or accuracy of ones actions. Integrity can stand in opposition tohypocrisy,[2] in that judging with the standards of integrity involves regarding internal consistency as a virtue, and suggests that parties holding within themselves apparently conflicting values should account for the discrepancy or alter their beliefs. The word integrity stems from the Latin adjectiveinteger (whole, complete). [3] In this context, integrity is the inner sense of wholeness deriving from qualities such as honesty and consistency ofcharacter. As such, one may judge that others have integrity to the extent that they act according to the values, beliefs and principles they claim to hold. A value systems abstraction depth and range of applicable interaction may also function as significant factors in identifying integrity due to their congruence or lack of congruence with observation. A value system may evolve over time[4] while retaining integrity if those who espouse the values account for and resolve inconsistencies. [5] ones actions. Integrity can For other uses, see Integrity (disambiguation) Integrity is a concept of consistency of actions, values, methods, measures, principles, expectations, and outcomes. Barbara Killinger offers a traditional definition: Integrity is a personal choice, an uncompromising and predictably consistent commitment to honour moral, ethical, spiritual and artistic values and principles. [1] In ethics, integrity is regarded[by whom? ] as the honesty and truthfulness or accuracy of ones actions. Integrity can stand in opposition tohypocrisy,[2] in that judging with the standards of integrity involves regarding internal consistency as a virtue, and suggests that parties holding within themselves apparently conflicting values should account for the discrepancy or alter their beliefs. The word integrity stems from the Latin adjectiveinteger (whole, complete). [3] In this context, integrity is the inner sense of wholeness deriving from qualities such as honesty and consistency ofcharacter. As such, one may judge that others have integrity to the extent that they act according to the values, beliefs and principles they claim to hold. A value systems abstraction depth and range of applicable interaction may also function as significant factors in identifying integrity due to their congruence or lack of congruence with observation. A value system may evolve over time[4] while retaining integrity if those who espouse the values account for and resolve inconsistencies. [5] in opposition tohypocrisy,[2] in that judging with the standards of integrity involves regarding internal consistency as a virtue, and suggests that parties holding within themselves apparently conflicting values should account for the discrepancy or alter their beliefs. The word integrity stems from the Latin adjectiveinteger (whole, complete). [3] In this context, integrity is the inner sense of wholeness deriving from qualities such as honesty and consistency ofcharacter. As such, one may judge that others have integrity to the extent that they act according to the values, beliefs and principles they claim to hold.

Study into Reward Systems and Their Effect on Employee Motivation

Study into Reward Systems and Their Effect on Employee Motivation Reward systems are one of the basic components of a performance management system and a reward system is a broad term and it encompasses to include all organizational components linked to rewards including people, processes, rules, regulations, procedures and decision making processes that are involved in allocating the benefits and compensation among employees in return for the contribution that have made to the organization in terms of the work achieved (Griffin and Moorhead, 2009). Employee motivation is defined as the willingness or effort exerted by the employee in order to achieve goals of the organization and this phenomenon of motivation is universal and results because of certain unsatisfied desires of the employee. The basic motivation process has four steps; an individual has certain preferences and likes and dislikes that he/she wants to fulfill. When these wants and desires are not satisfied, a drive or motivation is created in that person to achieve that goal (Gunkel, 2006). Keeping these two important factors in mind, this study is aimed at determining the significance and importance of the impact that reward systems have on employee motivation. A study conducted to determine the impact of reward on motivation found that there is a direct relationship between the level of rewards and intrinsic motivation, the higher the reward, the more will be the extrinsic motivation (Ryan and Deci, 1985). Another study was also conducted that endeavored to inspect the relationship between rewards and employee motivation and revealed that there is a statistically significant impact of payment, promotion, recognition, benefits on employee motivation (Khan, Farooq and Imran Ullah, 2010). Roberts (2005) also supports this and his findings reveal that better the reward and recognition systems lead to higher levels of motivation and satisfaction among employees and therefore may lead to higher levels of performance and productivity. These facts revealed by various previous studies emphasize the importance of determining the relationship between reward systems and employee motivation and motivation affects the productivity of the employees and therefore has serious implications for the company. The purpose of this research study is to explore the relationship in a company specific setting using ASDA and determine how the total reward structure affects the employee motivation level in that company. Problem Statement The problem being discussed is current as well as relevant for any organization as employees are the main resource for any organization and these rewards directly have an impact on them. Motivation is an intangible and subjective term and is related to human behavior while reward systems are objective and clearly well defined and attempting to relate one subjective concept to an objective one is a daunting task. The relationship between motivation and rewards can also be viewed from the perspective of human behavior and this problem existed and is likely to continue into the future as human behavior remains the same and employees bring their behaviors to the work place as well. Therefore the results generated by this study will have practical applications in rationalizing future reward systems. Human behavior is reinforced or abandoned depending on the consequences that action has generated. When the person experiences anything good or satisfying related to an action then it results in positive reinforcement and the person will try to repeat the behavior in future. On the other hand, negative reinforcement occurs if an action results in criticism. These principles are equally applicable to the employees in a workplace and rewards can be considered as factors that help in reinforcing a desirable behavior like good performance (Wilson, 2003). Therefore the purpose of reward system is to reinfo rce positive behaviors so that employees repeat these behaviors. The problem therefore to be addressed by this research study is to investigate what motivates employees and what rewards are being offered to them. In case the reward is something that does not have any significance for the employee then it may not be enough to motivate the employee. Similarly, another problem to be addressed is that how the reward systems are developed and implemented so that these appear as positive consequences for showing the desired behavior which in this case is good performance and reinforcing this consequence which leads to motivation among employees. The general purpose of this study is to investigate what are the factors that motivate employees to work and how these factors can be incorporated into a reward system and what is the impact of these rewards on employee motivation. In order to investigate these factors the sample of employees to be studied belongs to a company called Associated Dairies Farm Stores Limited (ASDA). The basic overview of the research is that ASDA employees will be asked to fill out questionnaires through which their motivation will be judged in relation to the total reward system they are being offered. Introduction to the Company Associated Dairies Farm Stores Limited (ASDA) was established in 1949 in Britain and over the years it has grown into a supermarket chain. Initially its product line was limited to grocery and general merchandise but over the years the product markets have been diversified and ASDA also operated a financial services segment as well. It is a very successful business and owing to its success, Wal-Mart decided to acquire ASDA and operate it as its subsidiary in the year 1999. It has been an innovative company that has introduced distinctive store formats in Britain like one stop shopping superstores during the 1970à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s, introduction of supermarket owned brand and then finally moved into financial services business as well. This portfolio requires a large number of employees who specialize in their own areas of expertise and the company at present employs 170,000 colleagues in 400 stores  [1]  . ASDA is one of the largest retailing chains in UK along with a few other notable names such as Tesco and Sainsbury. ASDA has more than 1000 employees managing and running its stores throughout the country. The total reward system of ASDA includes components include Bonuses, Colleague Discounts, Private Medical Cover, Share Plans and share save Plans, STAR Points, Colleague Share Ownership Plan, Pension, Voluntary Benefits, ASDA Stars, Long Service and employee recognition  [2]  . Reports have shown that ASDA has expansion plans on the horizon and the company is expected to acquire Netto stores in the UK which will help ASDA increase its number of stores and employees  [3]  . Developing a reward system at ASDA and that keeps all or most of the employees motivated are a difficult task. There is a dire need to study how the total reward system of ASDA is viewed by the employees and what are the pitfalls of the system. Being such a large supermarket chain operating throughout the country with a large number of employees and plans of further expansion makes ASDA an ideal candidate to be studied for this study. Aims of the Study Developing and administering reward systems is one of the most important responsibilities of the human resource management department. Rewards are given to the employees in return for the work they contribute and are also a form of recognition for the employees. Rewards can be both monetary and non monetary. When one thinks about rewards, monetary rewards are the most obvious ones that come to mind however these may not necessarily be the most effective and include factors such as basic salary, bonuses, commission etc. On the other hand non-monetary rewards can be termed as career incentives or intrinsic rewards and include factors such as promotions, holiday trips and so on (Christiansen, 2000). The aims of this study therefore include: Explore the significance of reward systems in determining motivation level of employees Exploring the major components of the total reward system Exploring they types and components of motivation Objectives of the Study The main components of any reward systems include policies, practices, structures, schemes and procedures (Armstrong, 2002) and the purpose of this study is to study these processes is ASDA and study how job evaluation and performance management, practices are being used for motivating employees through the use of reward systems. The objectives of the study include: What type of reward systems are in place? How have these reward systems been developed and how are these systems kept current and up to date? Do the employees fully understand and appreciate these reward systems? Do the employees view these reward systems as being effective and in line with their needs and requirements? What is the level of job satisfaction and motivation in ASDA employees? Do employees view the appraisal process as just, equitable and fair? Does the reward systems discriminate employees on some basis such as age and gender etc? Do the rewards systems address factors that motivate or de motivate the employee? What are the missing links between what the employees want and what the reward system is offering? Results Expected The results expected from this study are to be able to generate a list of factors that serves as motivators and de motivators for the employees and what they are expecting form the reward system. The most important factors affecting employee motivation can be identified through this process. The study is also expected to help dissect the reward system of ASDA and compare whether this reward system addresses the employeeà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s expectations and what are factors that are lacking in the system. Finally, the comparison will reveal what elements need to be incorporated into the rewards systems o make it more effective in motivating employees. Conceptual Framework The research study will be based on primary data collection that will be carried out through questionnaires to be filled in by the employees of the company. The questionnaire has been designed to study the main components of the reward system of ASDA, whether this system has been developed keeping the employee and organizational needs in mind and how it does relate to the extrinsic and intrinsic motivation among the employees. A brief description of these three themes is discussed in the next few paragraphs. .The main components of any reward system include policies, practices, structures, schemes and procedures (Armstrong, 2002). Processes are developed so that the worth of the job and the contribution of the employee can be measured and may include job evaluation and performance management, practices are for motivating employees through the use of reward systems, structures are developed to link the value of the position to the level of benefits offered, schemes are for providing incentives based on the performance and procedures refer to the ways in which the system is maintained so that it operates efficiently. In the same way, the total reward system of ASDA will be studied to determine how effective it is in gauging employees. Even though a reward system is developed keeping in mind its intended audience which are the employees but it also needs to consider the needs and requirements of the organization. According to Griffin and Moorehead (2009), rewards carry both symbolic as well as surface value for the employees. The surface value refers to the objective value that the rewards offers to the employee and can be measured like for example a 20% pay raise. On the other hand rewards also have a symbolic or subjective meaning that carries some personal worth for the employee for example rewards that help an employee realize that his worth is more than the other employees. This study will explore how effective the reward system in ASDA is in dealing with the aspirations of the employees. There are two aspects of motivation, extrinsic intrinsic, which shows that motivation is subjective and has different meanings for different people. Extrinsic Motivation is defined as the desire to perform a certain behavior or task because of the contingent results or the positive consequences that action produces while Intrinsic Motivation is a desire to do something based on the enjoyment and interest in that task (Ryan and Deci, 2004). Intrinsic motivation includes factors such as job satisfaction, achievement of personal goals, compliance to standards, fairness, team spirit and ethical standards etc (Frey and Osterloh, 2002). The study will attempt to uncover whether the total reward system in ASDA deals with both extrinsic and intrinsic factors or not. Outline of Subsequent Chapters The introductory chapter will be followed by a review of the literature to build a foundation for this research study in the light of the studies carried out previously and will deal with the major theoretical themes relevant to this study. The next chapter will provide a detailed description of the methodology that will be undertaken for designing and filling the questionnaires to collect data for the research. The next chapter will them move to more specific issues and describe the current reward system being offered in ASDA while the section following this one will take on a critical approach and analyze and evaluate the system. After the analysis, data analysis and findings will be presented in a separate chapter and the final chapter of the study will summarize and conclude the entire research study.

Essay example --

Hidden Emotions to Be Revealed The novel follows Clarissa Dalloway, the main character and other characters throughout their lives in 1923. The narrator of the book goes into the character’s mind and shows their emotion through each event that occurs throughout the day. The characters are trying to find a way to express their need for communication but also to demonstrate their need for privacy. Mrs. Dalloway, by Virginia Woolf, expresses the idea of hidden emotion being the sole benefactor of the actions taken by the characters aiming to instability within them. Clarissa Dalloway is the main character and the protagonist of the book Mrs. Dalloway. Clarissa Dalloway provides a unique example of the difficulty there is in finding happiness in the world. (Lauren Klein) She is 50 years old; she displays her energy and time into being a high society hostess by throwing lots of parties. Since she throws parties this is her way to convey her pathway to communication and an attempt to draw people together. In the beginning of the novel, we see Clarissa as an upper class woman who seems to be a bit shallow. (Lauren Klein) she is a bit shallow because she is the wife of a government worker and looks down on a person who doesn’t follow the social standards that are set for them. Deep down inside of her, she doesn’t feel attractive to the world because she cares a lot about what other people have to think about her. On the outside she shows that she happy and talkative but inside she is lacking confidence. She is always questioning and wondering if she is truly happy about the way that her life is. â€Å"It was, she thought, partly their clothes, partly being taken out of their ordinary ways, partly the background, it was possible to say thing... ...bservation that killing oneself is cowardly, that Septimus had fought and was brave, but that her husband was no longer Septimus– is given the task of constantly pointing things out to Septimus in an attempt to connect him to the outside world, but to no avail.† (Lauren Klein). She believes her husband has gone for the worst and he is not the Septimus that she first met and the one she decided to marry. After all in Mrs. Dalloway each character has their own flaws that they are trying to get through and reveal their hidden emotions. â€Å"They went in and out of each other’s minds without any effort.† (Woolf) this quote represents my whole paper and exactly their hidden emotions. Mrs. Dalloway, by Virginia Woolf, expresses the idea of hidden emotion being the sole benefactor of the actions taken by the character to stabilize their lives and feelings throughout the book.

I Want to Teach :: Teaching Philosophy Education Essays

I Want to Teach If you would have asked me two years ago what my feelings were about school, I would have told you that "I hated school". At that time I was 18 with no direction for my future and nothing seemed like it had any importance to me. The reason I decided to become a teacher is very complex because I never wanted to be a teacher until the end of 2003. What made me change my mind was a series of events and people in my life that impacted me both positively and negatively. This turning point in my life began in my senior year of high school. As I prepared for my senior football season I never took the time out to prepare for life after high school. The only thing that mattered was that I played good football and graduated so after that I could accept my full scholarship to the University of Illinois. I didn’t know at that time that life wasn’t that easy, but I was soon to find out. As the year went on I had more and more offers to play at different universities, but I was not paying attention to any of my mentors when they would tell me that none of these offers meant anything if I didn’t have the grades. I respect my mentors as if they were father figures because they have been where I want to go and have everything that I want, but I was too busy listening to family members who would tell me that I was going pro after my first year of college. As an 18 year old, you believe what your family tells you because you think it is right because they said it. Unfortunately, I found out that this was not always the case. The school year went on, and as others where preparing for the ACT and SAT, I was busy getting in trouble with the law and not going to class. No one cared about anything I was doing because I was a good football player and that was all they saw. They believed that any trouble I got in to, I could get out of, but that wasn’t true. I spent almost a month in the Wayne County Jail for armed robbery. It was there that I decided to turn my life around and do what was right.

Geography Coursework Keswick

General aim: To find whether Keswick is a honeypot site. Specific Hypotheses: To test the general aim to prove that Keswick is a honey pot site, we will investigate 3 specific hypotheses: 1. Keswick town centre caters mainly for its tourists in its land use. 2. Keswick demonstrates some of the key problems associated with honeypot sites. 3. Keswick attracts a high proportion of non-local visitors. What is a honeypot site? A honeypot site is a site where there is attractive scenery or historical interest, and tourists visit in large numbers. Honeypot sites are areas which attract many tourists. They are so called because tourists flock to these places like ‘bees around honey'. Problems with a honeypot site The large number of tourist causes many problems in and around Keswick. These problems include – * Litter and pollution * Noise pollution * Vandalism * Traffic Congestion – This is a problem in the village to both locals and visitors. There is a large car park, with space for coaches, and public toilets but as peak times the parking provision is not enough and the congestion spoils the character of the village and affects its enjoyment by all. You can read also Classifications of Restaurants * Footpath erosion resulting from overuse. This is particularly the case around popular natural attractions. * Conflict with other landusers e.g. farmers and walkers How are these problems are being tackled? Footpath erosion – Improvements such as surfacing paths in local stone or re-routing certain paths have been undertaken to reduce the impact of erosion. An increasing number of litter bins have been provided throughout the village. What benefits are created by Tourism in the area? Social Benefits: * Jobs are created * Crime reduces due to higher levels of employment Economic Benefits: * Jobs are created. Therefore people have more money to spend on local goods and services. * Multiplier effect – by creating a factory and providing new jobs, the local economy grows by more than the original cash injection What is a National park? * National parks provide for tourists facilities * They encourage tree planting * They give advice to land uses * They arrange talks and guided walks * They mark out footpaths for you to walk along * They buy land to protect its character * They monitor and clean pollution * They provide on information service * They encourage suitable developments * The refuse permission for unsuitable buildings * The lake district is the largest National park in England * It is 885 square miles in size * There is 11 National parks in England * There are 1800 rules for footpaths in the countryside Introduction to Keswick Tourism is the world's largest industry, with annual revenue of almost $500 billion. And it is growing fast, with airline arrivals expected to double by 2010. In 1950 25 million international arrivals were recorded worldwide a figure which has risen to 500 million by 1996. Leisure is estimated to account for 75 per cent of all international travel. The World Tourism Organisation estimated there were 694 million international tourist arrivals in 2003, a drop of 1.2 per cent (attributed to the problems of the Iraq conflict, SARS and a generally weak world economy). Arrivals have picked up in 2004, and they are expected to reach 1.6 billion by 2020. Domestic tourism (people going on holiday in their own country) is generally thought to be 4-5 times greater than international arrivals. Globally, tourism accounts for roughly 35 per cent of exports of services and over 8 per cent of exports of goods. Tourism is now the world's largest employer. In 2001, the International Labour Organisation estimated that globally over 207 million jobs were directly or indirectly employed in tourism. In the UK alone, 10% of total employment is in the tourism sector. People who have employment within the UK usually earn a high salary compared to the rest of the world and people consider that they must strike a work/life balance and hence spend more time on holidays. The UK has seen a greater increase in car ownership since the 1950's when in 1951 only 1 in 20 families's had a car, by 1996 this figure had risen to 71% of all UK families owned at least 1 vehicle and by 2005 this figure has risen with many families owning 2 vehicles. The increase in car ownership obviously goes hand in hand with an improvement in the transport system of the UK which since the 1950's has seen improvements in roads especially motorways and urban by-passes have resulted in driving times between places reduced and encourage people to travel more frequently and greater distances. Keswick has excellent an excellent road system and is easy to reach being just 20 minutes along the A66 trunk road from junction 40 of the M6 motorway. As mentioned above a major factor for the increase in tourism in the Keswick area has been a change in lifestyle compared to the 1950's, people are retiring early and living longer and are able to take advantage of their greater fitness, also many people due to retiring early and greater disposable income has seen an increase in people buying 2nd homes in the Keswick area. There has been an increase in active holidays compared to the 1950's with a lot more people involved in water sports and fell running etc which the Keswick area offers a wide choice of such activities. Since the 1950's now almost everybody has a television and many have access to the internet, there is a greater ability to access information about holiday and tourism in general and the tourism industry use all means of advertising. There has been an increase in Green tourism or sustainable tourism which the Lake District and Keswick are a prime example where tourism is needed to benefit the local economy and the environment with people visiting the area and not spoiling the natural beauty of the area. With the increase in tourism since the 1950's there have been several areas described as Honey pot Sites In geography, a honey pot is a particularly popular attraction within a managed tourist area, such as a national park. Honey pot sites are often encouraged because they concentrate the damage caused by tourists on small sites, making conservation easier in other parts of the managed area. The problem is how to preserve the honey pots natural beauty and their unspoilt quality while providing facilities for the hordes of people who arrive at peak summer periods. The main problem with Honey pot sites is too many tourists overcrowding small places. Due to the fact that footpaths are been overused, they get eroded casing the council to pay out a large sum of money to repair these paths. There is a high level of litter, vandalism and trespassing on Honey pot sites which causes discomfort and trouble to those who live there this has sparked off a conflict between local farmers and tourists which has caused, restricting tourists access to footpaths, bridleways and separating activities, e.g. Water Skiing and Angling. Also roads have been congested by heavy Lorries, local traffic and tourist traffic which has caused scenic routes separating local and tourist traffic. A National Park is an area of great natural beauty can be preserved and enhanced, and so that enjoyment of the scenery by the public can be promoted. There are12 National parks in England these 11 parks contain some of the most diverse and spectacular upland and a variety of scenery which in turn provides a wide range of recreational activities. All the parks provide basic opportunities for walking, riding, fishing and water sports. These parks are within easy reach of both urban and rural conurbations, they all have motorways running near them which make them all easy access sites. National Parks are mostly owned privately (81%) , mainly by farmers with 6% owned by the Forestry Commission, 5% to the National Trust , 3% to the ministry of defence , 3% to the water authorities. The aims of National parks were updated in 1995, the aims were: 1. To conserve and enhance the natural beauty, wildlife and cultural heritage of the National Parks. 2. To promote opportunities for the public understanding and enjoyment of the special qualities of the Parks. The idea for a form of national parks was first proposed in the United States in the 1800s where National Parks were established to protect wilderness areas such as Yosemite this model has been used in many other countries since, but not in the United Kingdom. After thousands of years of human integration into the landscape, Britain lacks natural areas of wilderness. Furthermore, those areas of natural beauty so cherished by the romantic poets were often only maintained and managed in their existing state by human activity, usually agriculture. In1931, Christopher Addison chaired a government committee that proposed a ‘National Park Authority' to choose areas for designation as national parks. A system of national reserves and nature sanctuaries was proposed: 1. To safeguard areas of exceptional natural interest against (a) disorderly development and (b) spoliation; 2. To improve the means of access for pedestrians to areas of natural beauty; and 3. To promote measures for the protection of flora and fauna. In 1947 by a Government committee, this time chaired by Sir Arthur Hobhouse, which prepared legislation for national parks, and proposed 12 national parks. Sir Arthur had this to say on the criteria for designating suitable areas: â€Å"The essential requirements of a National Park are that it should have great natural beauty, a high value for open-air recreation and substantial continuous extent. Further, the distribution of selected areas should as far as practicable be such that at least one of them is quickly accessible from each of the main centers of population in Wales and England Lastly there is merit in variety and with the wide diversity of landscape which is available in England and Wales, it would be wrong to confine the selection of National Parks to the more rugged areas of mountain and moorland, and to exclude other districts which, though of less outstanding grandeur and wildness, have their own distinctive beauty and a high recreational value.† History Granted its market character by Edward in 1276. Keswick was an important wool and leather centre until about 1500. Location Keswick is standing on the shore of Derwentwater at the junction north, south east and west routes through the Lake District. It is situated in the north of the Lake District it is surrounded by lots of tall mountains. Carlise to Keswick 39m, Penrith 20m, Windermere 23, and Workington 22. Maps Here are some maps to show you where about Keswick is positioned. Map of Great Britain Map of North West Map of Cumbria Map of Keswick As you can see Keswick is very accessible due to the many roads that go through it and pass close by. Landscape around Keswick The Landscape around Keswick has stunning scenery, it has many lakes and mountains near by and it has vast countryside. It also has a well kept old town centre which is very popular for tourists, where they can buy souvenirs and enjoy dinner at the many restaurants. Here are some pictures to show why Keswick is a honeypot site because of its breath taking scenery. Here is at the centre of Keswick where there are many shops. Here is a picture of one of Keswick's beautiful lakes Here is one if the breath taking views that attract hikers and walkers to go to Keswick. A glacially eroded landscape Tourists are attracted to the Lake District by the spectacular landscape, which has been formed mainly by glacial erosion. The world's climate is continuously changing. Between 14 and 20 glacial periods have occurred in the last 1 million years. The most recent ice age started 100 000 years ago and ended 10 000 years ago. During it, ice sheets covered most of Britain north and the Midlands and changed the landscape by glacial erosion and deposition. A glacier is a mass of moving ice. It erodes by two main processes: * Plucking: water enters cracks in the rock and freezes so that it is attached to both the rock and the glacier. When the glacier moves, the block of rock is pulled out of the ground. * Abrasion: Blocks of rock (or load) in the base and sides of the glacier are scraped over the rock surface. They scratch it, making parallel groves called striations. Abrasion has a sandpaper effect so the rock surface looks smooth. Frost shattering also occurs in glacial environments. This is a weathering process, not an erosion process. When water enters a crack in the rock it expands by 10 per cent. The ice pushing on the sides of the crack it widens it. Blocks of rock can then fall on to the glacier from the valley side above. Frost-shattered rock surfaces are easier for glaciers to erode by plucking. Corries are produced by glacial erosion. Red tarn corrie is an armchair-shaped hollow on the eastern side of Helvellyn mountain in the Lake District. It is 0.5 km wide and 1km from the front to back. The steep back and side walls are up to 220 m high. A small round lake called Red Tarn lies in the hollow in the base of the corrie. The water is kept in by a rock ridge on the floor of the corrie called a rock lip. The quickest way to identify a corrie on a map is to find a round lake less than 0.5 km in diameter with a U-shaped pattern of contours. How ever many of them do not have lakes in them. Here is Red tarn corrie Conclusion My conclusion is that Keswick is defiantly a honeypot site, and that it is a honypot site because of its location and beautiful scenery. I also think that in time to come Keswick will still be honeypot site for years and years.

Angela’s Ashes Essay

â€Å"When I look back on my childhood I wonder how I survived at all. It was, of course, a miserable childhood: the happy childhood is hardly worth your while. Worse than the ordinary miserable childhood is the miserable Irish childhood and worse yet is the miserable Irish Catholic childhood. † (McCourt, 1996). Angela’s Ashes was a memoir based on the life of Frank McCourt, which ranged in various anecdotes and stories of Frank’s childhood and pursuit to his dreams to live in America. Frank faced various struggles especially his drunken father, who spent his paycheck, if he even had a job to a pint of beer to show his friend’s the money he has earned. With this it causes Frank’s family to go through struggles as to broken shoes, harsh conditioned homes, poor sanitation, plumbing, heat, and hope that they’ll survive through the great depression in Limerick, Ireland. Frankie was a boy who seemed to have high potential to be a great independent man. He always had a mind of his own, his own opinions, great responsibility, and determination. During his childhood he saw his Mother’s suffering, with the fact that she had to rely on the Father of her children to help them survive the great depression but with only giving them false hope, which resulted into his father, Malachy leaving the family. As Frank reached the age of teenage maturity Frankie, went out of his way to get a job and help out the family. With the qualities that Frank McCourt posses and learns throughout the memoir he improves himself and ventures back to America to achieve greatness. During the final days of Frank McCourt after the suffering of the passing of his first love, who died from Typhoid, the great Frank McCourt at a young age had finally saved up his paychecks from his hard-work to venture of into America. While eating a celebratory dinner with his family, a lunar eclipse had seemed to appear at that night. So they quickly race outside to witness this outstanding, once in a lifetime scene of magnificent scenery, which his uncle had said it symbolizes good luck towards his ventures into America. After witnessing the lunar eclipse and his neighbors wishing him arewell to leaving Ireland. As the neighborhood emptied he saw a little boy, who was very unfamiliar to him, as he got closer he recognized it was him as a little boy. From there he sees how he has got to where he is today. As people grow older, facing various obstacles and challenges, people learn and grow from who they were as little as one day. In Buddhism we see the law of Impermanence come into play with everyone’s life, with this we tend to look back and see how much we have grown, how we have survived our lives whether it be physical, mental, or spiritual obstacles that we have faced in our lives. As teenagers we see have a mentality of wanting the independence and earning bigger responsibilities to prove ourselves to our parents, others, or even ourselves that we can achieve the goals we set for ourselves. Though, with this in mind we tend to still make many mistakes that we try to grow out from and strive for better. Though it is ironic the fact that when our mistakes show it is what others see and highlight among us and not the effort we have tried to become a better person. But this is what growing up is all about. As we grow older we see ourselves â€Å"fall in love† with that significant other, which you will never let go and even though they might not be present in our lives we still care about them. Regardless of how much you have changed or the other person has changed you know that deep down when you with them everything is still the same as it was. Not only do we just fall in love but also the love we show our friends. My memoir talks mostly about significant friendships and what I have learned from each and every one of them. We see that as grow a special bond with these friends you exchange mistakes or even experience mistakes together which you can conquer as a team and grow from them. Regardless of fights, obstacles that are put in front of the laps of many friendships, if it’s worth it you don’t give up. In my friendships, especially with Steven, even though he was mad due to the unaccepted friendship with Chris and the betrayal that he felt from it, I have never tried to not fix it, and to have communication with him to solve it. Though he chose to put his guard with his pride he refused to say nothing was wrong and that he didn’t care. As time passed, and took many messages to pass through a friend to show that I was willing to give up on my other friendship, which I truly miss; we have finally overcome that obstacle and have grown closer than ever before. After the feeling of every obstacle has been tackled, every fight has been fought, and you have claimed victorious over any problem that occurs you get the feeling that everything is smooth sailing from then. We look up and think positive that everything will be okay, but until we end our course through life there’s always a new challenge interrupting our trajectory. At this point in time I am satisfied to what I have achieved and where I have ended up, I see myself still constantly looking back at my old self, seeing what I could improve on, changed to reach higher satisfactory, and better myself from I have learned from the past. Even though I have felt that I have reached my goal, as Frankie has reached America to better his life. The act on looking back at yourself, depicts the scene of how Frankie saw himself as a child and how much obstacles he has gone through and achieved to pursue his dream to America, just like the goals we achieve we look back and see what we have gone through. With Impermanence constantly occurring in our lives we are introduced with new challenges and new chapters to open in our lives. Looking back at ourselves does help us learn, but we must apply these new found lessons and look forward to our future to not repeat our mistakes and misguided actions.

Mindless of Society Essay

One theme Ray Bradbury developed in the novel Fahrenheit 451 is â€Å"mindless of mass culture†. In the novel is a city where no emotion exists, and where the society is happy, but realizing that the society is actually miserable. People are antisocial and are mindless zombies. Individuals can just enter your house without telling any details on what there are doing. Ray Bradbury had shown the theme mindlessness of mass culture is using metaphors, similes, and foreshadowing. Ray Bradbury has created a character names Beatty, who is the chief of the fire department, states a metaphor of mindlessness of mass culture. Beatty tells Montag. â€Å"If you don’t want a house built, hide the nails and wood. If you don’t want a man happy politically, don’t give him two sides of a question to worry him; give him one. Better yet, give him none. † This quote is saying to not give humans an answer to think of. If a person has the answer to a question, someone else could possibly argue with their opinion and cause a commotion. That is why in Fahrenheit 541, that society is a place not to think and react. Another way Ray Bradbury has shown the mindless mass culture is though the character Faber. Faber is an old man and a friend to Montag, He compares how book are almost the same as society. How books need quality, able to understand and those are something that you need to find in people. Faber tell Montag, â€Å"Number one: Books have to have to have quality. Number two: One needs leisure to digest it. Number three: One needs the right to carry out actions based on what they have learned from the first and second lesson. † Books are compared to how people are in the present and how books are not needed because the current technology which the society has will start replacing books. Eventually books will not be need is in life. Another way the mindless of mass culture is shown in Fahrenheit 451 is when Clarisse had died. Clarisse is a 17 year old girl, who is different from everyone in the society in Fahrenheit 451. She was a person who liked to question things in society or anything that goes around her. She was a very intelligent person, but a tragic event happened. She died and no one knows if she had committed suicide or if someone had killed her. Milderd the wife of Montag tells him, â€Å"Whole family moved out somewhere, but she gone for good, I think she is dead. No, the same girl, McClellan McClellan. Run over by a car. Four days ago. I’m not sure. But I think she dead. The family moved out anyways. I don’t know. But I think she’s dead. † How this relates to the mindless of mass culture sense nobody cares if something important had been taken away, such as loved for one. The society just forgets about everything they used to have. It shows how the society foreshadows everything that they do. The theme mindless of mass culture was expressed by characters in the book; the theme had a very big impact on everyone in the society. This theme has affected each one mind and making every person in society to be like a robot which no emotions at all.

Religious Experience Essay

Religious experience is seen as a non-empirical occurrence which means it does not depend or can be verified through observation or examination. Majority of people believe it’s supernatural. It is also seen as an experience to make a person aware. Certain religious people believe who have had the experience has drawn them into a deeper knowledge/ awareness of god. Most importantly it is seen as the experience itself is not a substitute for the divine but a vehicle that is used to bring people closer to the divine. It is also known as unique and cannot be shared with anyone. 3 Types of characteristics of religious experience * Vision * Conversion * Mystical experiences Visions: is when an individual believes they’ve seen or heard something supernatural. There are three ways in which an individual can experience this. An intellectual vision brings knowledge and understanding such as a revelation from the almighty god. An imaginary vision is where something that strengthens the faith is seen with the mind eye. Corporeal vision is where the figure is externally present. Examples of this is st Bernadette who was 14 years old, who had a few visions but the visions started off her seeing a figure which didn’t speak to her but then later on the figure begun to speak which was known as virgin Mary gave her a set of instructions saying that the spring water at Lourdes had healing power and that a chapel was to be built on the site. Numinosity : this word was given to describe the sense of a an awesome power, but feeling very distinctly separate from it. Rudolph otto used this so called term

Sometimes, you stumble into love

Love usually refers to an emotion that you â€Å"fall† into. It acts as a series of feelings that catches you off balance and can cause a great deal of pain when you come crashing to the end of that exhilarating emotional fall. However, sometimes you can accidentally stumble into love as well. You might not even know what the feeling of love is until you straighten yourself out and look closer at the person who was kind enough to catch hold of you before you hit the painful end. I happened to be one of the lucky ones who stumbled into love, unexpectedly and whole heartedly. My first love was the person who was kind enough to catch me and support me with patience while I straightened myself out and finally realized the word I was looking for to describe my feelings for him: Love. I was fifteen when I started working as a carhop at the local 50’s diner in town. My job included making colossal ice cream treats for our customers and delivering food and drinks out to their cars in the middle of the searing summer heat. It did not take long for a young girl in this atmosphere to become a popular attraction for the local male teens in the area. Especially since the restaurant I was working at was only two blocks away from a large all male high school. With constantly being barraged with their attitudes and immaturity, love or a relationship was the last thing on my mind. Friday nights of football season were the worst, the football players and fans would pack the diner with loud raucous after game activity and lewd comments. It was on one of these chaotic nights in mid-September while I was frantically making orders for my extra carhopping customers that a young man with a powder blue ’66 mustang caught me mid-fall, literally. I had a heavy tray with large sodas and several ice cream shakes carefully arranged on it and ready to be delivered to a customer waiting in their car. As I picked up the tray from the counter and went to walk out the door, my shoe caught a fold in the carpet floor mat, and I began to stumble forward. For a moment everything was a panicked blur, and then I felt myself and my tray miraculously steadied by the weight of another person. I straightened up and looked over my food items, thankful that only a little bit of ice cream had dribbled down the side of the shake glasses. Then I looked up to see who my rescuer happened to be and gazed into the brown eyes of my first love, though I did not yet know it. To my astonishment he was actually the one blushing. I said a quick thank you to him and headed out to my impatient customers. After the busy Friday night crowd began to disperse I headed over to his table and asked him if he wanted anything to eat or drink; it would be my treat for him helping me to save that order of food and possibly some of my pride. He asked if I had time to have a Coke with him before he left, so I took my dinner break and spent the next half hour talking with him. We exchanged email addresses and promised to keep in touch. Soon through email correspondences and local hang outs we became good friends. I soon learned that he, being nineteen years old, had just graduated from high school the previous year. His new plan for a career included enlisting in the U.S. Air Force. Before I knew it he was signed up and deployed for a one year tour of duty in South Korea. Read also  Summary : Love Is Never Silent But even though he was half a world away, we never missed a beat in each other’s lives. Emails or letters, and on rare occasions a short phone call, would keep us connected to the ongoing events in each other’s corner of the world. Neither of us at the time were doing very well, he was suffering culture shock and home sickness, while I struggled under the pressure of school work, career work and parents who were overprotective and had high expectations of their youngest and only daughter. While I labored away in school I began having doubts about how much of my ambition was my own and how much of that ambition was fueled by my parents. I struggled with my chosen college, chosen career field and even whether or not I wanted to attend school right away after high school graduation. My parents wanted me to go to a near by University, I wanted to go to one that was nearly halfway across the country. There were bitter fights in our home and at times it seemed like my only support came from the man stationed so far away. The only confidence I had in myself came from his encouragement at that point. Later, when he came back to the U.S., I promised to visit him after my own high school graduation. At that point it would have been two years since we had seen each other and I wanted to see him again before I got too busy as I rededicated myself to upcoming college school work. However, I had my doubts about seeing him and I could not figure out why. I had become nervous and fidgety about meeting him face to face again after so long, even though we had talked consistently on the phone for months. One night when he pressed me for an exact date and time that I would be able to visit, I told him all about my reasons for hesitating to visit. Amazingly, he laughed and sheepishly admitted he had very similar feelings of his own about the reunion. Then at the end, he blurted out those three profound words, â€Å"I love you.† It took me a minute to process the thought, and another minute to actually appreciate it, and finally the light of realization clicked on and I recognized I loved him as well. After a few moments of awkward silence while I gathered my thoughts I was able to reciprocate those words to him. Sometimes, people stumble into love quite literally. The person who catches and supports you can do such a good job of it that you barely feel yourself falling into love. In the end it is not a painful emotional crash that breaks your heart, but a crash of realization that makes you realize just what your heart was trying to tell you all along. Stumbling or falling, love has a way of catching hold of you when you least expect it. References Carmichael, J. (2006) Re: Love Interview Questions. Online email interview. Retrieved 14 July 2006. Hotmail. Hall, R. L. (2000). The Human Embrace: The Love of Philosophy and the Philosophy of Love: Kierkegaard, Cavell, Nussbaum. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press. Retrieved July 16, 2006, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=98167535

Motivation; Human Resource Management in the Public Sector Essay

Motivation; Human Resource Management in the Public Sector - Essay Example These needs vary from the public to the private sector and therefore different theories have to be implemented to recognize them (David, 1985). Needs that have been satisfied don’t work as motivators thus the organization has to consistently study the employees using different theories to recognize the next level of need for a motivated workforce. Theorists today have analyzed that the content and process approaches of motivation are congruent to public organizations (Robins, 2000). This method of motivation focuses on the theory that motivation in individuals is caused by the desire to fulfill inner needs. This approach concentrates on the needs that motivate individuals. Identifying the needs of employees using Maslow’s hierarchy of needs that identifies five need levels. At level one are the physiological needs which include food, water and comfort. A public organization can satisfy this need by giving a paycheck to the employee (David, 1985). At level two is safety needs which are feeling secure and stable. These can be satiated with the benefits that accompany the salary like medical coverage etc. social needs are third on the hierarchy which are desires for friendly relationships between employees and a sense of belonging. This is essential in public organizations as good relations and coordination are crucial to the organization as once this is developed the employees would be motivated to work better (Porter, 2000). The next level is the esteem n eeds which are needed for self respect and respect from coworkers. This can be attained by matching the skill of employees with their job assignment. The esteem can be satiated by appreciation of the employee’s work by the public organization. Lastly, self actualization needs of self content and recognition of the employee’s absolute capabilities can be satisfied by giving the employee challenging tasks that utilizes the employee’s

The Understanding of the Artistic Works from Cultural Viewpoint Term Paper

The Understanding of the Artistic Works from Cultural Viewpoint - Term Paper Example The ideal of social anthropology will further delve into the reason why artwork was created in a specific way and the relationship it has to society.   For instance, if a type of material was used over another, there may be an inference to what this means socially and the ability to make the material with ease of use for the artistic expressions.   These various elements make a difference in the art and the perception from anthropology.   The interpretations don’t consider the aesthetics but instead looks at the social relationship which these hold (Gell, 40).   The definition of art from the anthropological point of view is not only examined with the social and cultural aspects by most.   There is also an understanding that the artistic work is able to raise questions and reflect on a specific culture and what the meaning is behind the works that are displayed.   The basic discipline is one which is first examined by the ideology of a human activity which is constructed by various societies.   This is followed by the social sciences which are able to define the experience, which is specific to the study of anthropology.   While art is one which is constructed of experience, this is based on interpretations, relationships to the pieces, knowledge of the piece and the defining elements.   This is also dependent on the spectator and what acting agents are parts of the piece.   The approach of anthropology is one which is only dependent on defining the material culture of the art.   This doesn’t provide room for interpreta tion of the aesthetics, specifically because this is defined by experience, cultural awareness and various levels of knowledge.   Anthropology then becomes limited only to the cultural ideologies, as opposed to the aesthetics of other levels which may reflect the philosophies of art (Pinney, Thomas, 118).  Ã‚   The interpretation of anthropology through art as a limitation is one which also questions the use of aesthetics and how this is left out of the viewpoint of anthropologists.   A question which arises when looking at aesthetics is based on the cultural value which is applied and whether this provides a thorough examination of an artwork.  

Making the Kitchen Floor at the Restaurant Less Hazardous Research Proposal

Making the Kitchen Floor at the Restaurant Less Hazardous - Research Proposal Example The laxity in correcting surface safety conditions subjects the users and the public to encounter the hazards. There are several types of injuries resulting from the accidents due to poor floor conditions. The injuries range from broken bones, severe cuts, burns, and sprains. The injuries further affect the overall workmanship of those affected. There are several causes of floor relating accident. The best way of ensuring safety against flooring hazards is by ensuring the floors are in good conditions. Workplace safety is an ethical concern for everybody at the place of work. A good number of workers at the restaurant get injuries while on duty every year. In the past five years, about 25 workers have got injuries due to the poor conditions of the restaurant floor. Extra partial of the employees who get injuries are forcefully taking day offs nursing their injuries or attending to hospital for treatments. Some staff has since got permanent disabilities from the wounds. The types of i njuries resulting from the poor floor conditions range from broken bones, severe cuts, burns, and sprains. The last five cases of floor based accidents recorded austere injuries with one of the female workers Michele suffering permanent knee injury that have since paralyzed her movements and so she no longer get to work. The number of employees taking day offs is also on the rise posing challenges on the company’s performance because increase in the number of absentees reduces workforce and in turn affecting the quality of service. This report provides information to the restaurant supervisors, managers and kitchen workers on the various sources of personal accidents while in the kitchen. The immediate course of action and the various safety measures that are considered best to reduce the cases of kitchen accidents. The report identifies the loopholes on personal security.

Quantitative methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Quantitative methods - Essay Example For a method to qualify as a scientific method, anchorage of its assertions should be on empirical and measurable evidence, which is subject to specific principles of reasoning. In science, quantitative methods often measure results of qualitative research such as making an analysis of certain observations, patterns and relationships made. Measurements start with collecting data, and making the use of statistics in analysing this data. Accordingly, quantitative methods use information dealing with numbers and measurements, through tables and graphs, to show results, experiments as well as research. Through quantitative research, it is possible to relate the collected data to a larger population analyse the numerical data and use statistics to draw conclusions and recommendations. As such, if used properly, quantitative research can produce valuable scientific research. In communication studies, quantitative research can provide essential information on the impact of communication stu dies on students’ overall communication ability. Further, they can provide information on the effects of communication media to the quality of information or the different communication barriers and their effect in the communication process. 2. Validity is the extent to which a research instrument successfully measures what it should measure and perform what it is supposed to perform. Although no instrument has the capacity to produce 100% results, and be termed as fully valid, measurement of the validity of an instrument mostly is on degrees. Validation of an instrument is a process that involves collecting and analysing data, then subjecting it through statistical tests, which generally involves pilot testing. There are two methods of testing the validity of an instrument; external validity and content validity. External validity is the extent to which a study’s results can be generalized from a sample to a population. Content validity on the other hand refers to the appropriateness of the content of a particular measuring instrument, especially by answering questions whether the questions, observations or logos assess or major reason for conducting the study. Reliability of an instrument on the other hand in general is consistency. With consistency, we seek to answer the question as to whether the instrument consistently measures what it is intended to measure. Examples of communications applications valid measurement variables include the speed of sending or receiving information, the quality of information received, the likelihood of breakdown and finally the compatibility with the media. 3. There is a direct relationship between reliability and validity of measure. A study can be highly valid but have low validity qualities. This is because information contained in a study could be reliable but not valid in its context. Findings may be reliable or consistent across all studies but may not be valid, i.e. accurate and true statements about re lationships among the different variables. However, findings there is no way that findings could be valid if they are not reliable. To describe a communication instrument as reliable, it should produce consistent results every time it is performed. For instance, we can consider a communication variable such as communication climate. Some organizations may consider this as a reliable variable, but necessarily a valid measure of